How to Make a Linux User Password Never Expire: Step-by-Step Guide

Introduction:

Password expiry policies are important for security, but sometimes you need to keep certain Linux user accounts active without enforcing password changes. For instance, in administrative or automation accounts like user1, frequent password expiration can disrupt services. In this guide, we’ll show you how to make a Linux user password never expire.

Step 1: Check the Current Password Expiry

Use the chage command to see when a user’s password will expire:

sudo chage -l user1

Example output:

Last password change                                    : Jul 03, 2025
Password expires                                        : Sep 01, 2025
Password inactive                                       : never
Account expires                                         : never
Minimum number of days between password change          : 1
Maximum number of days between password change          : 60
Number of days of warning before password expires       : 7


Here, the password is set to expire every 60 days.

Step 2: Make the Password Never Expire
Option 1: Using chage
sudo chage -M 99999 user1


-M 99999 sets the maximum days between password changes to effectively never expire.


Verify the change:
sudo chage -l user1

You should now see:
Password expires : never

Option 2: Using passwd
sudo passwd -x 99999 user1


Step 3: Verify the Configuration
Check again with:
sudo chage -l user1

Ensure:

Password expires: never

Account expires: never


This ensures the account will not require periodic password changes.

Step 4: Best Practices


Only disable password expiry for accounts that require uninterrupted access 
Keep strong passwords or use SSH keys where possible.

Monitor accounts regularly to maintain security.

Conclusion
Preventing password expiration in Linux is simple using chage or passwd. By setting 
odiuser or any critical account to never expire, you can avoid service disruptions 
while maintaining control over other security policies.

How to Install Oracle Database in Docker: Step-by-Step Guide for Seamless Deployment

In this post, we will go through the steps on how we can install and use Oracle Database 21c inside an Docker container. To access the database image on Docker, you start the container and then run the commands through docker to access the database 

Steps:-

[opc@instance-20240128-1525 ~]$ sudo yum install docker-engine docker-cli

[opc@instance-20240128-1525 ~]$ sudo systemctl enable --now docker

[opc@instance-20240128-1525 ~]$ sudo docker info

Client:

 Debug Mode: false

 

Server:

 Containers: 0

  Running: 0

  Paused: 0

  Stopped: 0

 Images: 0

 Server Version: 19.03.11-ol

 Storage Driver: overlay2

  Backing Filesystem: xfs

  Supports d_type: true

  Native Overlay Diff: false

 Logging Driver: json-file

 Cgroup Driver: cgroupfs

 Plugins:

  Volume: local

  Network: bridge host ipvlan macvlan null overlay

  Log: awslogs fluentd gcplogs gelf journald json-file local logentries splunk syslog

 Swarm: inactive

 Runtimes: runc

 Default Runtime: runc

 Init Binary: docker-init

 containerd version: 7eba5930496d9bbe375fdf71603e610ad737d2b2

 runc version: 860f061

 init version: fec3683

 Security Options:

  seccomp

   Profile: default

 Kernel Version: 5.4.17-2136.322.6.2.el7uek.x86_64

 Operating System: Oracle Linux Server 7.9

 OSType: linux

 Architecture: x86_64

 CPUs: 2

 Total Memory: 6.487GiB

 Name: instance-20240128-1525

 ID: 6OVG:2ZU5:3GU5:AJKF:JAKN:FJSU:SJ2Q:D7ZM:ZNKN:EJKS:6T3M:3GJ6

 Docker Root Dir: /var/lib/docker

 Debug Mode: false

 Registry: https://index.docker.io/v1/

 Labels:

 Experimental: false

 Insecure Registries:

  127.0.0.0/8

 Live Restore Enabled: false

 

Registries:

[opc@instance-20240128-1525 ~]$ sudo su

[root@instance-20240128-1525 opc]# docker login container-registry.oracle.com

Username: *********

Password:

WARNING! Your password will be stored unencrypted in /root/.docker/config.json.

Configure a credential helper to remove this warning. See

https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/login/#credentials-store

 

Login Succeeded

[root@instance-20240128-1525 opc]# docker pull container-registry.oracle.com/database/enterprise:latest

[root@instance-20240128-1525 opc]# docker ps

CONTAINER ID        IMAGE                                                      COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS                            PORTS                    NAMES

e556dbeb3c1d        container-registry.oracle.com/database/enterprise:latest   "/bin/sh -c 'exec $O…"   5 seconds ago       Up 4 seconds (health: starting)   0.0.0.0:1521->1521/tcp   oracle-db

Check the logs

[root@instance-20240128-1525 opc]# docker logs oracle-db

From the log, we can after few mins, we can see a message like below.

The Oracle base remains unchanged with value /opt/oracle

#########################

DATABASE IS READY TO USE!

#########################

Now, go inside the docker container.

[root@instance-20240128-1525 opc]# docker ps -a

CONTAINER ID        IMAGE                                                      COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS                       PORTS                    NAMES

e556dbeb3c1d        container-registry.oracle.com/database/enterprise:latest   "/bin/sh -c 'exec $O…"   2 hours ago         Up About an hour (healthy)   0.0.0.0:1521->1521/tcp   oracle-db

[root@instance-20240128-1525 opc]# docker exec -it oracle-db /bin/bash

bash-4.2$ whoami

oracle

bash-4.2$ sqlplus / as sysdba

 

SQL*Plus: Release 21.0.0.0.0 - Production on Sun Jan 28 12:27:14 2024

Version 21.3.0.0.0

 

Copyright (c) 1982, 2021, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

 

 

Connected to:

Oracle Database 21c Enterprise Edition Release 21.0.0.0.0 - Production

Version 21.3.0.0.0

 

SQL> show pdbs;

 

    CON_ID CON_NAME                       OPEN MODE  RESTRICTED

---------- ------------------------------ ---------- ----------

         2 PDB$SEED                       READ ONLY  NO

         3 ORCLPDB1                       READ WRITE NO

 

bash-4.2$ df -kh

Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on

overlay          39G   19G   21G  48% /

tmpfs            64M     0   64M   0% /dev

tmpfs           3.3G     0  3.3G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup

shm              64M     0   64M   0% /dev/shm

/dev/sda3        39G   19G   21G  48% /etc/hosts

tmpfs           3.3G     0  3.3G   0% /proc/acpi

tmpfs           3.3G     0  3.3G   0% /proc/scsi

tmpfs           3.3G     0  3.3G   0% /sys/firmware

how to connect to the db using sqldeveloper

Hostname is the public IP of the VM where the container is running.

This completes the step by step instructions on how we can install Oracle DB inside a docker container and subsequently connect to the DB using sqldeveloper client. I hope, this post will help someone. 

Till then, start learning cloud. 

Mastering Oracle Cloud: Step-by-Step Guide to Provision Your OIC Instance

 Oracle Integration Cloud Service is a complete, secure, but lightweight integration solution that enables you to connect your applications in the cloud. It simplifies connectivity between your applications, and can connect both your applications that live in the cloud and your applications that still live on premises. It is a PaaS offering from Oracle and thus users who needs access to access to OIC must reside in IDCS(which is now the identity domain). In this post, we are going to explain, how we can provision an OIC instance from scratch when we have identity domain in place.

We will now provision an OIC instance in OCI console. Go to Developer Services

Click on Integration

We have successfully provisioned OIC instance. Now, in order to login, we need a user which has to be validated by IAM(Identity Domains) and it should have proper role assigned to it.

Go to Identity Domains, select the required domain and create a new user

Once the user is created, go to the Oracle Cloud Services under Identity domains and choose the OIC instance which was created earlier.

Click on the name and navigate to "Application roles".

Click on Assign.

That's it. Using this user, we should be able to login to the OIC Console.

I hope this post will help someone. Till, then keep learning cloud.

Strengthen Your Cloud Security: Exploring OCI Vulnerability Scanning Services

  In Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI), vulnerability scanning services are offered to help ensure the security of your infrastructure. The OCI vulnerability scanning service is designed to scan virtual cloud networks (VCNs) and identify vulnerabilities in the cloud infrastructure

In this post, we are going to explain, once a CVE is detected, then what is the approach we can take to mitigate those CVE risks. But before we do so, i would suggest we go through the official Oracle Documentations VSS.

You can access the vulnerability scanning service in OCI through the OCI console. Here's a brief guide on how to do it:

Log in to the OCI Console.

Open the "Security" menu.

Click on "Security Advisor".

Navigate to "Vulnerability Scanning".

Now, let us go through the remediation steps. You might get the CVEs as listed below

If we click on "View Details", we might see the below information for cause and remediation.

The errata details can be found in the link which is considered to be as the database for CVEs.

https://nvd.nist.gov

Server was already having the version 4.5.0-36.el7_9.5

 Command to check:

rpm -qa|grep libvirt

Thus, we came to conclusion that the CVEs are being reported for the existing package which is there in the server and in order to mitigate them, we need to upgrade the version to 5.

Steps:

Steps:-

1.       cd /etc/yum.repos.d

2.       took the backup of file public-yum-ol7.repo

3.       took the backup of boot volume

4.       in the file public-yum-ol7.repo, enabled the flag as 1 for section

y    yum update

1.       Reboot the server

2.       Disable and enable VSS

3.       Verify the Scanning report

4.       Check with the application team for sanity before moving it to next higher instances

y

These are the many ways through which we can mitigate the CVEs being reported by VSS in OCI. I hope this post will help someone. Till then, happy learning cloud.

Cross-Platform Efficiency: Mastering Federation of Azure AD with OCI Identity Domains for SSO Solution

 By federating Azure AD with OCI Identity domains(more on OCI Identity Domains), businesses can centralize user authentication, simplifying access management and reducing administrative overhead. This robust integration enables a single sign-on (SSO) experience, allowing users to securely access resources across both platforms with a single set of credentials. With enhanced security measures and simplified user provisioning, organizations can ensure compliance with regulatory standards while fostering a seamless user experience. Now, with all new tenancies, Oracle has introduced identity domains as a single domain for storing all the users, groups credentials and so the navigations have also changed a bit. Also, the point to be noted that in the background, it is the same IDCS solution running.

Here, OCI act as a service provider (SP) and Microsoft Azure act as an Identity Provider (IdP). The Service Provider (OCI) creates a SAML request and forwards the user and the SAML request to the Identity Provider (Azure AD). Once the user is authenticated, the IdP sends back a SAML response with an assertion to the Service Provider's Assertion Consumer Service endpoint. 

Note: Azure AD  is now Microsoft Entra ID.

Go to the OCI Hamburger menu > Identity and Security

Click on Domains and change the below settings first

get the IDCS url

Copy the IDCS url and add /fed/v1/metadata. Open a browser and save the file as XML.

On the Azure Portal now:-

Create an Enterprise Application. Choose the option as Oracle

Choose the option Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Console

Give it a name and Click on Create

Click on Single Sign on and choose the option for SAML

Upload the OCI downloaded metadata xml file

Download the Federation Metadata XML which has to be uploaded to OCI side.

OCI Side:-

Click on Add SAML IdP

Choose the option Upload metadata xml file

Upload the xml file downloaded from Azure Portal

Review and Create

Test the login

Activate the IdP

Edit the IdP policies and add Azure AD

Test the setup.

Note: User has to be present on both OCI IAM and Azure AD

Login to the OCI console and we will get the IdP icon

Click on Azure AD

Here we are. We have successfully landed to the OCI home page.

This post explains about the integration of Oracle cloud Infrastructure Identity domains with Microsoft Azure AD for a seamless Single Sign on Solution.

I hope, this post will help someone. Till then, enjoy learning cloud.

References:-https://docs.oracle.com/en-us/iaas/Content/Identity/Concepts/federation.htm#top

https://docs.oracle.com/en-us/iaas/Content/Identity/tutorials/azure_ad/lifecycle_azure/02-config-azure-iam-template.htm#config-azure-iam-template

Secure Your Network: Private DNS in Oracle Cloud Infrastructure

 Private DNS in Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) refers to a service that enables you to create and manage custom domain names within your virtual cloud network (VCN). With Private DNS, you can define custom domain names and map them to specific resources, such as Compute instances, Load Balancers, or other services within your VCN.

Key features and benefits of Private DNS in OCI include:
Custom Domain Names: You can create your own domain names, such as example.com or subdomain.example.com, tailored to your organization's needs.
Resource Mapping: Private DNS allows you to map these custom domain names to specific resources within your VCN, making it easier to manage and access your services.
Network Isolation: By using Private DNS within your VCN, you can ensure that your domain names remain private and are only accessible within your network, enhancing security and control.
Integration with Oracle Services: Private DNS seamlessly integrates with other Oracle Cloud services, enabling you to easily manage domain names for resources such as Compute instances, Load Balancers, and more.
Automation and Scalability: You can automate the creation and management of domain names using OCI's APIs, CLI, or Terraform, making it easy to scale and manage your infrastructure.
Overall, Private DNS in OCI provides a flexible and secure way to manage domain names and map them to resources within your virtual cloud network, facilitating efficient communication and management of your cloud infrastructure.
Now, the objective of this post is to give an idea on how we can communicate to the resources using their hostnames. As we know, DNS is a feature which translates hostnames to IP addresses. If we have resources in OCI and they don't know the respective hostnames, then the communication can't be established. To mitigate this problem, OCI has the option of Private DNS in OCI.
A small use case here.
When we provision a compute instance, it comes with its own fully qualified domain name example oraclevcn.com. Now, if i need to set it to samappsdba.com, we need to perform some additional steps.
The high level steps
Private DNS Zone – which contain DNS data from the VCN (like IP address)
Private DNS Views – this is collection of Zones, Zone can only belong to a single View.
Private DNS Resolver – you can assign Views to Resolver which will then resolve those DNS queries for you. Remember the order, first custom views, then default and finally from Internet

Once the A record is added and published, we can do the test

[opc@instance-20240328-1959 ~]$ host -t NS samapspdba.com

samapspdba.com name server vcn-dns.oraclevcn.com.

[opc@instance-20240328-1959 ~]$

 

After I delete it the private view

 

@instance-20240328-1959 ~]$ host -t NS samapspdba.com

samapspdba.com name server vcn-dns.oraclevcn.com.

[opc@instance-20240328-1959 ~]$ nslookup www.samapspdba.com

Server:         169.254.169.254

Address:        169.254.169.254#53

 

** server can't find www.samapspdba.com: REFUSED

This is a basic demonstration on how using private DNS feature in OCI, we can customize the hostname. 

I hope this post helps someone.